Current Research Activities

This is a presentation of currently ungoing research projects in the Combustion and Fluid Dynamics Lab. For information about previous related topics, please see the Previous Research page.

Non-Premixed conditions in the flameholding recirculation region behind a step in supersonic flow

Flameholding in supersonic flow depends on local conditions in the recirculation region, and on mass transfer into and out of this region. Large gradients in local gas composition and temperature exist in the recirculation region. Hence, stability parameter correlations developed for premixed flames cannot be used to determine blowout stability limits for non-premixed flames encountered in practical devices. In the present study, mixture samples were extracted at different locations in the recirculation region and the shear layer formed behind a rearward-facing step in supersonic flow, and analyzed by mass spectrometry to determine the species concentration distribution in the region. The point-wise mass spectrometer measurements were complemented by acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements to get a planar distribution of fuel mole fraction in the recirculation region. Non-reacting flow tests and combustion experiments were performed by varying various fuel related parameters such as injection location, injection pressure and fuel type. Fuel injection upstream of the step was not effective in supplying enough fuel to the recirculation region and did not sustain the flame in combustion experiments. Fuel injection at the step base was effective in sustaining the flame. For base injection, the local fuel mole fraction in the recirculation region determined from experiments was an order of magnitude higher than the global fuel mole fraction based on total moles of air flowing through the test section and total fuel injected in the test section. This suggests substantial difference in flame stability curve for non-premixed conditions in the scramjet engine compared to premixed flow. For base injection, fuel remained in the recirculation region even at higher injection pressure. Due to slower diffusion rate, the heavier fuel had higher local mole fraction in the recirculation region compared to lighter fuel for a unit global fuel mole fraction injected in the test section. Hence fuel molecular weight will affect the non-premixed flame stability limits in scramjet engine; the heavier fuel will have better fuel-lean and worse fuel-rich stability limit compared to lighter fuel. This is in addition to the fact that a lighter fuel such as hydrogen has a much wider flame stability limit than a heavier fuel such as propane. The data obtained in the study can help develop a stability parameter for non-premixed flames and validate computational models.

This is a continuation of earlier supersonic mixing experiments.

PLIF measurement of fuel mole fraction behind a rearward facing step at P0,Ar=5.4 atm.
Transverse injection occurs at (x,y)=(0,0.2), step (0,0)-(1,0).

References:

A. Thakur, C. Segal, "Concentration distribution in a supersonic flow recirculation region", Journal of Propulsion and Power, vol. 24, no.1, pp. 64-73, 2008.

Thakur A and Segal C, "Analyses of non-premixed flameholding behind a step in supersonic flow", 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, USA, AIAA-2006-1380, Jan 2006.

A. Thakur, C. Segal, "Flameholding in Supersonic Flow - Non-Premixed Recirculation Region Composition", 13th International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference , Capua, Italy, AIAA 2005-3391, May 2005.

A. Thakur, C. Segal, "Flameholding Analyses in Supersonic Flow", 40th Joint Propulsion Conference, Ft Lauderdale, FL, AIAA-2004-3831, July 2004.

High-Pressure Mixing and Combustion

High-Pressure Combustion

The combustion of hydrogen-air and hydrogen-oxygen mixtures under a wide range of equivalence ratios and pressures are studied in the high-pressure combustion chamber. These tests investigate the combustion processes under rocket engine conditions to provide data for CFD code validation. Pressure and temperature measurements are complemented with planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) which allows the OH concentration in a plane to be determined noninvasively .
There is also a movie (7.5 MB, WMV) of a complete test at 1 MPa (video + OH-PLIF) here.

Instantaneous OH-PLIF emission at 5.3 MPa

References:

A. Vaidyanathan, J. Gustavsson, C. Segal, "Heat Fluxes/OH-PLIF Measurements in a GO2/GH2 Single-Element Shear Injector", 2007-5591, 43rd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Cincinnati, OH, July 8-11, 2007.

A. Conley, A. Vaidyanathan and C. Segal, "Heat Fluxes Measurements in a GO2/GH2 Single-Element, Shear Injector", Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 633-639, 2007.

A. Conley, A. Vaidyanathan and C. Segal, "Heat Fluxes Measurements in a GH2/GO2 Single- Element, Shear Injector", AIAA-2006-5048, 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Sacramento, CA, Jul, 2006.

Filtered Rayleigh Scattering for 2D velocity measurements

Filtered Rayleigh scattering (FRS) is a new, non-intrusive measurement technique, where the Doppler shift produced when narrow-band laser light is scattered against small particles is used to quantify the velocity of the particles. This technique has previously been validated for a free jet. Building on these experiments, a refined setup using 4 ICCDs and 2 CCD cameras is now being built to measure 2D velocity components simultaneously with OH PLIF in the high-pressure combustion facility.
More on FRS

Liquid Mixing under Trans- and Supercritical Conditions

The purpose of this facility is to study jet and droplet breakup and evaporation under transcritical and supercritical conditions. Through using exciplex fluorescence techniques, the processes taking place as liquid oxygen mixes with gaseous hydrogen in a rocket engine under high pressure can be simulated. Previously conventional liquid fuels (JP-10 or dodecane) have been mixed with naphtalene and TMPD to provide fluorescence with excitation at 355 nm and detection at 490 nm (liquid phase) and 390 nm (gaseous phase). Currently, tests are carried out using a volatile fluoroketone, which is able to simulate the supercritical combustion chamber mixing of a liquid hydrogen jet.

Liquid jet injected at supercritical temperature, Tliq = 300 K, Tch = 480 K, Injection Velocity 10 m/s, Pch = 20.5 atm

References:
T. Tran, Y. Kochar, J. Seitzman, S. Polikhov, C. Segal, "Fundamental measurements of multicomponent turbulent spray mixing in transcritical and supercritical conditions", 41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit, Tuscon, AZ, AIAA 2005-4129, Jul 2005.
S.A. Polikhov and C. Segal, "Experimental Study of Subcritical to Supercritical Jet Mixing", 45th AIAA Aerospace Science Meeting, AIAA 2007-0569, Reno, NV, 2007.

Cryogenic Cavitation Simulation

The behavior of liquid hydrogen in a low-pressure fuel turbopump is studied using a volatile fluoroketone in the new watertunnel facility. Cavitation is a major challenge in these pumps and due to the pumps raising the pressure from low subcritical pressure to supercritical pressures, modelling using water is impractical due to its high critical pressure and temperature. The fluoroketone used has more accessible critical conditions (18 bar, 169oC) and also fluoresces when excited with near-UV light, enabling PLIF to be used for density measurements. The tests currently use a NACA0015 hydrofoil, studying the thermodynamic effect, which supresses cavitation as critical conditions are approached, allowing comparison to previous research using water at different temperatures. This will allow us to build a database on the cavitation behavior of a fluid near critical conditions which will enable model development for CFD codes to be used in the design of liquid hydrogen turbopumps. Since the perfluorinated ketone has never been used as a cryogenic simulant previously, supporting experiments to characterize the properties of 2-trifluoromethyl-1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-pentanone, particularly its fluorescence and phosphorescence behavior under high pressure and temperature conditions have also been carried out. The material exhibits broadband excitation and emission similar to that of acetone and 3-pentanon, but without the flammability issues of these fluids.

Fluorescence produced as 351 nm laser light is projected as a vertical sheet
from the centerline of a hydrofoil surrounded by fluoroketone

More
References:

J. P. R. Gustavsson, K. Denning, C. Segal, "Hydrofoil Cavitation under Strong Thermodynamic Effect", Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol. 130, no. 8, 2008.

J. Gustavsson, K. Denning, C. Segal, "Experimental study of cryogenic cavitation using fluoroketone", AIAA 2008-0576, 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, Jan 7-10, 2008.

J. Gustavsson and C. Segal, "Fluorescence Spectrum of 2-trifluoromethyl-1,1,1,2,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-3-pentanone", Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 61, no. 8, pp. 903-907, 2007.

Previous research topics

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